Php - PHP is an open-source, interpreted, and object-oriented scripting language that can be executed at the server-side. PHP is well suited for web development. Therefore, it is used to develop web applications (an application that executes on the server and generates the dynamic page.). PHP was created by Rasmus Lerdorf in 1994 but appeared in the ...

 
As of PHP 8.0.0, instanceof can now be used with arbitrary expressions. The expression must be wrapped in parentheses and produce a string . Example #8 Using instanceof with an arbitrary expression. Amazon videopercent27

PHP is a general-purpose scripting language geared towards web development. [9] It was originally created by Danish-Canadian programmer Rasmus Lerdorf in 1993 and released in 1995. [10] [11] The PHP reference implementation is now produced by the PHP Group. [12]Taken directly from PHP's home, PHP.net, "PHP is an HTML-embedded scripting language. Much of its syntax is borrowed from C, Java and Perl with a couple of unique PHP-specific features thrown in. The goal of the language is to allow web developers to write dynamically generated pages quickly." This is generally a good definition of PHP.PHP is an open source, multi-paradigm, dynamically-typed and interpreted scripting language designed initially for server-side web development. Use this tag for questions about programming in the PHP language.A PHP developer designs and develops the back-end logic that is used to power websites. The websites of well-known organizations such as Wikipedia, Slack, and Lyft rely on PHP to power all or part of their systems. PHP developers will typically work within a framework such as Laravel or a CMS such as WordPress.W3Schools offers free online tutorials, references and exercises in all the major languages of the web. Covering popular subjects like HTML, CSS, JavaScript, Python, SQL, Java, and many, many more. Description ¶. $_SERVER is an array containing information such as headers, paths, and script locations. The entries in this array are created by the web server, therefore there is no guarantee that every web server will provide any of these; servers may omit some, or provide others not listed here. However, most of these variables are ...Sep 3, 2023 · PHP로 작성된 프로그램 목록. 1. 개요 [편집] 대표적인 서버 사이드 스크립트 언어 로 전 세계 수많은 웹 시스템의 기반이 되는 언어. 비슷한 언어로는 Perl, Ruby 등이 있다. C-like 문법 [3] 으로 되어 있고, CGI보다 나으며, Perl처럼 배열이 연관 배열이라 자료 구조가 ... The term PHP is an acronym for PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor. PHP is a server-side scripting language designed specifically for web development. It is open-source which means it is free to download and use. It is very simple to learn and use. The files have the extension “.php”. Rasmus Lerdorf inspired the first version of PHP and ...Dec 1, 2019 · PHP is a server-side scripting language created in 1995 by Rasmus Lerdorf. PHP is a widely-used open source general-purpose scripting language that is especially suited for web development and can be embedded into HTML. What is PHP used for? As of October 2018, PHP is used on 80% of websites whose server-side language is known. It is typically ... To change the PHP settings, open your User or Workspace Settings ( ⌘, (Windows, Linux Ctrl+,)) and type 'php' to filter the list of available settings. To set the PHP executable path, select the Edit in settings.json link under PHP > Validate: Executable Path, which will open your user settings.json file. MySQL is a database system used on the web. MySQL is a database system that runs on a server. MySQL is ideal for both small and large applications. MySQL is very fast, reliable, and easy to use. MySQL uses standard SQL. MySQL compiles on a number of platforms. MySQL is free to download and use. MySQL is developed, distributed, and supported by ... PHP 8.2 is the latest PHP version which brings readonly classes, DNF types, null, false, and true types, sensitive parameter redaction support, a new random extension, and several new features along with a few deprecations.PDO will work on 12 different database systems, whereas MySQLi will only work with MySQL databases. So, if you have to switch your project to use another database, PDO makes the process easy. You only have to change the connection string and a few queries. With MySQLi, you will need to rewrite the entire code - queries included. Where src/ is the directory containing all your PHP code. Then, run the commands to build and run the Docker image: $ docker build -t my-php-app . $ docker run -d --name my-running-app my-php-app. We recommend that you add a php.ini configuration file; see the "Configuration" section for details.Executable: C:\php\php-cgi.exe; Name: FastCGI; Figure 5: Add Script Map. Click OK, and then click Yes. In the left panel, click on your server's hostname, and then double-click on the Default Document icon. From the Actions panel on the right, click Add. Enter index.php as the new default document name, and then click OK.Overview. Websites frequently use the PHP scripting language for applications and content. EasyApache allows you to easily install and modify PHP for your server. When you install cPanel & WHM, the installation process automatically installs PHP with some common PHP options. For more information about PHP, read the PHP website.W3Schools offers free online tutorials, references and exercises in all the major languages of the web. Covering popular subjects like HTML, CSS, JavaScript, Python, SQL, Java, and many, many more. PHP is a server side scripting language that is embedded in HTML. It is used to manage dynamic content, databases, session tracking, even build entire e-commerce sites. It is integrated with a number of popular databases, including MySQL, PostgreSQL, Oracle, Sybase, Informix, and Microsoft SQL Server. PHP is pleasingly zippy in its execution ...Basic PHP Syntax. A PHP script can be placed anywhere in the document. The default file extension for PHP files is " .php ". A PHP file normally contains HTML tags, and some PHP scripting code. Below, we have an example of a simple PHP file, with a PHP script that uses a built-in PHP function " echo " to output the text "Hello World!" PHP 8.3.0 RC 1 available for testing. Predefined Variables. Predefined Exceptions. Predefined Interfaces and Classes. Predefined Attributes. Supported Protocols and Wrappers. Variable and Type Related Extensions. "MyClass::myFunc () ""OtherClass::myFunc () ". A class constant, class property (static), and class function (static) can all share ... PHP is a pre-processor for hypertext, which used to stand for home pages. The software used to build web applications is an open-source, server-side scripting language. We say a program designed for automated work by writing a script-based language (code lines). It is suitable for the output and construction of dynamic web pages for web ...Overview. Websites frequently use the PHP scripting language for applications and content. EasyApache allows you to easily install and modify PHP for your server. When you install cPanel & WHM, the installation process automatically installs PHP with some common PHP options. For more information about PHP, read the PHP website.The cheapest VPS solution for custom PHP developer requirements starts at around $5 per month for 1 vCPU and 1 GB RAM. Shared hosting plans allow you to host unlimited domains on a single account with costs as low as $2 to $3 per month. PHP’s popularity is associated with its use in open-source programming communities.Here we would like to show the very basics of PHP in a short, simple tutorial. This text only deals with dynamic web page creation with PHP, though PHP is not only capable of creating web pages. See the section titled What can PHP do for more information. PHP-enabled web pages are treated just like regular HTML pages and you can create and edit ... We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. Where src/ is the directory containing all your PHP code. Then, run the commands to build and run the Docker image: $ docker build -t my-php-app . $ docker run -d --name my-running-app my-php-app. We recommend that you add a php.ini configuration file; see the "Configuration" section for details.W3Schools offers free online tutorials, references and exercises in all the major languages of the web. Covering popular subjects like HTML, CSS, JavaScript, Python, SQL, Java, and many, many more.Overview. Websites frequently use the PHP scripting language for applications and content. EasyApache allows you to easily install and modify PHP for your server. When you install cPanel & WHM, the installation process automatically installs PHP with some common PHP options. For more information about PHP, read the PHP website.PHP can create, open, read, write, delete, and close files on the server. PHP can collect form data. PHP can send and receive cookies. PHP can add, delete, modify data in your database. PHP can be used to control user-access. PHP can encrypt data. With PHP you are not limited to output HTML. You can output images or PDF files.Example Get your own PHP Server. When the user fills out the form above and clicks the submit button, the form data is sent for processing to a PHP file named "welcome.php". The form data is sent with the HTTP POST method. To display the submitted data you could simply echo all the variables. The "welcome.php" looks like this:PHP $_GET. PHP $_GET is a PHP super global variable which is used to collect form data after submitting an HTML form with method="get". $_GET can also collect data sent in the URL. Assume we have an HTML page that contains a hyperlink with parameters:PHP frameworks offer several benefits, making them a compelling choice for web developers. Firstly, PHP frameworks offer a structured approach to development with pre-built components, streamlining the process, accelerating project completion, and enhancing productivity. Secondly, using a PHP framework can contribute to cost savings.لغة PHP (والتي هي اختصارٌ تعاودي للعبارة PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor) هي لغةٌ مفتوحة المصدر شائعة الاستخدام لها مجال استخدامٍ عامٍ لكنها تناسب تطوير الويب ودمج لغة HTML معها. الذي يُميّز PHP عن الشيفرات التي ... PHP can create, open, read, write, delete, and close files on the server. PHP can collect form data. PHP can send and receive cookies. PHP can add, delete, modify data in your database. PHP can be used to control user-access. PHP can encrypt data. With PHP you are not limited to output HTML. You can output images or PDF files.php 教程 php 是一种创建动态交互性站点的强有力的服务器端脚本语言。 php 是免费的,并且使用非常广泛。同时,对于像微软 asp 这样的竞争者来说,php 无疑是另一种高效率的选项。The term PHP is an acronym for PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor. PHP is a server-side scripting language designed specifically for web development. It is open-source which means it is free to download and use. It is very simple to learn and use. The files have the extension “.php”. Rasmus Lerdorf inspired the first version of PHP and ...HTML is used for specifying colors, text formatting, aligning, etc. PHP is easy to learn but not as much as HTML. HTML is very easy to learn. PHP is used for server-side development. HTML is used for front-end development. PHP can’t be used in an HTML file. HTML can be used in a PHP file. Extensions of PHP are .php, .php3, .php4, .php7.To change the PHP settings, open your User or Workspace Settings ( ⌘, (Windows, Linux Ctrl+,)) and type 'php' to filter the list of available settings. To set the PHP executable path, select the Edit in settings.json link under PHP > Validate: Executable Path, which will open your user settings.json file. لغة PHP (والتي هي اختصارٌ تعاودي للعبارة PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor) هي لغةٌ مفتوحة المصدر شائعة الاستخدام لها مجال استخدامٍ عامٍ لكنها تناسب تطوير الويب ودمج لغة HTML معها. الذي يُميّز PHP عن الشيفرات التي ... PHP is a general-purpose scripting language geared towards web development. [9] It was originally created by Danish-Canadian programmer Rasmus Lerdorf in 1993 and released in 1995. [10] [11] The PHP reference implementation is now produced by the PHP Group. [12]PHP Variables. A variable can have a short name (like x and y) or a more descriptive name (age, carname, total_volume). A variable starts with the $ sign, followed by the name of the variable. A variable name must start with a letter or the underscore character. A variable name can only contain alpha-numeric characters and underscores (A-z, 0-9 ...لغة PHP (والتي هي اختصارٌ تعاودي للعبارة PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor) هي لغةٌ مفتوحة المصدر شائعة الاستخدام لها مجال استخدامٍ عامٍ لكنها تناسب تطوير الويب ودمج لغة HTML معها. الذي يُميّز PHP عن الشيفرات التي ... The term PHP is an acronym for PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor. PHP is a server-side scripting language designed specifically for web development. It is open-source which means it is free to download and use. It is very simple to learn and use. The files have the extension “.php”. Rasmus Lerdorf inspired the first version of PHP and ...10 Answers Sorted by: 70 $a === $b (Identical) TRUE if $a is equal to $b, and they are of the same type. (introduced in PHP 4) PHP Docs Share Improve this answer Follow edited Jul 25, 2016 at 23:03 KevinDec 8, 2021 · PHP (Hypertext Preprocessor) is known as a general-purpose scripting language that can be utilized to create intuitive and dynamic websites. It was among the pioneer server-side language that can be integrated into HTML, making it easier to include functionality to web pages without requiring to call external data. As of PHP 8.0.0, instanceof can now be used with arbitrary expressions. The expression must be wrapped in parentheses and produce a string . Example #8 Using instanceof with an arbitrary expressionAug 1, 2023 · The simplest way to specify a string is to enclose it in single quotes (the character ' ). To specify a literal single quote, escape it with a backslash ( \ ). To specify a literal backslash, double it ( \\ ). All other instances of backslash will be treated as a literal backslash: this means that the other escape sequences you might be used to ... A PHP developer designs and develops the back-end logic that is used to power websites. The websites of well-known organizations such as Wikipedia, Slack, and Lyft rely on PHP to power all or part of their systems. PHP developers will typically work within a framework such as Laravel or a CMS such as WordPress. PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor. popular general-purpose scripting language that is especially suited to web development. Fast, flexible and pragmatic, PHP powers everything from your blog to the most popular websites in the world. What's new in 8.2 Download. 8.2.9 · Changelog · Upgrading. Our basic PHP website is going to feature a home page, including biographical information and some images. For this simple PHP website, you're going to create a single PHP page populated by content from three HTML pages. The index.php file you create can then be edited by adjusting the words and images from the original HTML files.PHP is an open source, multi-paradigm, dynamically-typed and interpreted scripting language designed initially for server-side web development. Use this tag for questions about programming in the PHP language.PHP – Wikipédia, a enciclopédia livre. 客家語/Hak-kâ-ngî. Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча. Bân-lâm-gú. , usada originalmente apenas para o desenvolvimento de aplicações presentes e atuantes no , capazes de gerar conteúdo dinâmico na Figura entre as primeiras linguagens passíveis de inserção em documentos , dispensando em muitos ...PHP (Hypertext Preprocessor) is known as a general-purpose scripting language that can be used to develop dynamic and interactive websites. It was among the first server-side languages that could be embedded into HTML, making it easier to add functionality to web pages without needing to call external files for data.Aug 1, 2023 · This new major version brings with it a number of new features and some incompatibilities that should be tested for before switching PHP versions in production environments. See also the migration guides for PHP versions 7.0.x, 7.1.x, 7.2.x, 7.3.x. 7.4.x. + Just like any other programming language, PHP also supports various types of operations like arithmetic operations (addition, subtraction, etc), logical operations (AND, OR etc), Increment/Decrement Operations, etc. Thus, PHP provides us with many operators to perform such operations on various operands or variables, or values.Great if you like your tutorials to the point. 11. Learn-php.org Free Interactive PHP Tutorial. Learn-php.org free interactive PHP tutorial. The unique thing about this PHP tutorial is that it’s a set of interactive exercises that encourage you to try out coding and see if you can get the expected output.Executable: C:\php\php-cgi.exe; Name: FastCGI; Figure 5: Add Script Map. Click OK, and then click Yes. In the left panel, click on your server's hostname, and then double-click on the Default Document icon. From the Actions panel on the right, click Add. Enter index.php as the new default document name, and then click OK.PHP is a server-side scripting language, which means that a server executes the instructions in a script. Then, the server provides data on request, channels the requests, and organizes the information in a database. When a web server receives a script, it will process the request and send output to a web browser in an HTML format.Source Code + Text Tutorials - http://codewithharry.com/videos/php-tutorials-in-hindi-1 This video is a part of this PHP tutorials in Hindi playlist - https...لغة PHP (والتي هي اختصارٌ تعاودي للعبارة PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor) هي لغةٌ مفتوحة المصدر شائعة الاستخدام لها مجال استخدامٍ عامٍ لكنها تناسب تطوير الويب ودمج لغة HTML معها. الذي يُميّز PHP عن الشيفرات التي ...Example Get your own PHP Server. When the user fills out the form above and clicks the submit button, the form data is sent for processing to a PHP file named "welcome.php". The form data is sent with the HTTP POST method. To display the submitted data you could simply echo all the variables. The "welcome.php" looks like this: A comment in PHP code is a line that is not executed as a part of the program. Its only purpose is to be read by someone who is looking at the code. Comments can be used to: Let others understand your code. Remind yourself of what you did - Most programmers have experienced coming back to their own work a year or two later and having to re ... Aug 1, 2023 · In PHP, the || operator only ever returns a boolean. For a chainable assignment operator, use the ?: "Elvis" operator. JavaScript: let a = false; let b = false; let c = true; let d = false; let e = a || b || c || d; // e === c <?PHP $a = false; $b = false; $c = true; $d = false; $e = $a ?: $b ?: $c ?: $d; // $e === $c?> Credit to @egst and ... Nov 12, 2010 · PHP Collective See more This question is in a collective: a subcommunity defined by tags with relevant content and experts. Featured on Meta There are two string operators. The first is the concatenation operator ('.'), which returns the concatenation of its right and left arguments. The second is the concatenating assignment operator (' .= '), which appends the argument on the right side to the argument on the left side. Please read Assignment Operators for more information.10 Answers Sorted by: 70 $a === $b (Identical) TRUE if $a is equal to $b, and they are of the same type. (introduced in PHP 4) PHP Docs Share Improve this answer Follow edited Jul 25, 2016 at 23:03 KevinDec 8, 2021 · PHP (Hypertext Preprocessor) is known as a general-purpose scripting language that can be utilized to create intuitive and dynamic websites. It was among the pioneer server-side language that can be integrated into HTML, making it easier to include functionality to web pages without requiring to call external data. PHP is a server scripting language, and a powerful tool for making dynamic and interactive Web pages. PHP is a widely-used, free, and efficient alternative to competitors such as Microsoft's ASP. Start learning PHP now » Easy Learning with "PHP Tryit"Jun 17, 2022 · The term PHP is an acronym for PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor. PHP is a server-side scripting language designed specifically for web development. It is open-source which means it is free to download and use. It is very simple to learn and use. The files have the extension “.php”. Rasmus Lerdorf inspired the first version of PHP and ... PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor, thường được viết tắt thành PHP là một ngôn ngữ lập trình kịch bản hay một loại mã lệnh chủ yếu được dùng để phát triển các ứng dụng viết cho máy chủ, mã nguồn mở, dùng cho mục đích tổng quát. Nó rất thích hợp với web và có thể dễ ... The term PHP is an acronym for PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor. PHP is a server-side scripting language designed specifically for web development. It is open-source which means it is free to download and use. It is very simple to learn and use. The files have the extension “.php”. Rasmus Lerdorf inspired the first version of PHP and ...A PHP framework is a platform to create PHP web applications. PHP frameworks provide code libraries for commonly used functions, cutting down on the amount of original code you need to write. There are many good reasons for using PHP frameworks as opposed to coding from scratch. Because PHP frameworks have built-in libraries and tools, the time ...Here we would like to show the very basics of PHP in a short, simple tutorial. This text only deals with dynamic web page creation with PHP, though PHP is not only capable of creating web pages. See the section titled What can PHP do for more information. PHP-enabled web pages are treated just like regular HTML pages and you can create and edit ...Welcome. Welcome to the learn-php.org free interactive PHP tutorial. Whether you are an experienced programmer or not, this website is intended for everyone who wishes to learn the PHP programming language. There is no need to download anything - just click on the chapter you wish to begin from, and follow the instructions. PHP is a general-purpose scripting language geared towards web development. [9] It was originally created by Danish-Canadian programmer Rasmus Lerdorf in 1993 and released in 1995. [10] [11] The PHP reference implementation is now produced by the PHP Group. [12] 10 Answers Sorted by: 70 $a === $b (Identical) TRUE if $a is equal to $b, and they are of the same type. (introduced in PHP 4) PHP Docs Share Improve this answer Follow edited Jul 25, 2016 at 23:03 Kevinstrpos () - Search For a Text Within a String. The PHP strpos () function searches for a specific text within a string. If a match is found, the function returns the character position of the first match. If no match is found, it will return FALSE.Jun 20, 2023 · The complete list of Array Functions are given below: PHP Array Functions. Description. Example. array_chunk () Split an array into parts or chunks of a given size. Try. array_combine () Create a new array by using one array for keys and another array for values. PHP (recursive acronym for PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor) is a widely-used open source general-purpose scripting language that is especially suited for web development and can be embedded into HTML. The best way we learn anything is by practice and exercise questions.Aug 1, 2023 · The simplest way to specify a string is to enclose it in single quotes (the character ' ). To specify a literal single quote, escape it with a backslash ( \ ). To specify a literal backslash, double it ( \\ ). All other instances of backslash will be treated as a literal backslash: this means that the other escape sequences you might be used to ... Source Code + Text Tutorials - http://codewithharry.com/videos/php-tutorials-in-hindi-1 This video is a part of this PHP tutorials in Hindi playlist - https...You can also call the script from the command line after chmod'ing the file (ie: chmod 755 file.php). On your first line of the file, enter "#!/usr/bin/php" (or to wherever your php executable is located). If you want to suppress the PHP headers, use the line of "#!/usr/bin/php -q" for your path. up. down.PHP (Hypertext Preprocessor) is known as a general-purpose scripting language that can be used to develop dynamic and interactive websites. It was among the first server-side languages that could be embedded into HTML, making it easier to add functionality to web pages without needing to call external files for data.PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor. popular general-purpose scripting language that is especially suited to web development. Fast, flexible and pragmatic, PHP powers everything from your blog to the most popular websites in the world. What's new in 8.2 Download. 8.2.9 · Changelog · Upgrading.لغة PHP (والتي هي اختصارٌ تعاودي للعبارة PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor) هي لغةٌ مفتوحة المصدر شائعة الاستخدام لها مجال استخدامٍ عامٍ لكنها تناسب تطوير الويب ودمج لغة HTML معها. الذي يُميّز PHP عن الشيفرات التي ...PHP 8.2 is the latest PHP version which brings readonly classes, DNF types, null, false, and true types, sensitive parameter redaction support, a new random extension, and several new features along with a few deprecations.

Aug 1, 2023 · PHP (recursive acronym for PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor) is a widely-used open source general-purpose scripting language that is especially suited for web development and can be embedded into HTML. Nice, but what does that mean? An example: . 5percent2710 160 lbs female

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Like already some answered before: The @ operator suppresses all errors in PHP, including notices, warnings and even critical errors. BUT: Please, ...The PHP team is pleased to announce the release of PHP 8.3.0, RC 1. This is the first release candidate, continuing the PHP 8.3 release cycle, the rough outline of which is specified in the PHP Wiki. MySQL is a database system used on the web. MySQL is a database system that runs on a server. MySQL is ideal for both small and large applications. MySQL is very fast, reliable, and easy to use. MySQL uses standard SQL. MySQL compiles on a number of platforms. MySQL is free to download and use. MySQL is developed, distributed, and supported by ... Sep 3, 2023 · PHP로 작성된 프로그램 목록. 1. 개요 [편집] 대표적인 서버 사이드 스크립트 언어 로 전 세계 수많은 웹 시스템의 기반이 되는 언어. 비슷한 언어로는 Perl, Ruby 등이 있다. C-like 문법 [3] 으로 되어 있고, CGI보다 나으며, Perl처럼 배열이 연관 배열이라 자료 구조가 ... May 5, 2012 · In order to set project specific configuration options, simply add a php.ini file to your project, and then run the built-in server with this flag: php -S localhost:8000 -c php.ini. This is especially helpful for settings that cannot be set at runtime (ini_set ()). up. down. MySQL is a database system used on the web. MySQL is a database system that runs on a server. MySQL is ideal for both small and large applications. MySQL is very fast, reliable, and easy to use. MySQL uses standard SQL. MySQL compiles on a number of platforms. MySQL is free to download and use. MySQL is developed, distributed, and supported by ... Welcome. Welcome to the learn-php.org free interactive PHP tutorial. Whether you are an experienced programmer or not, this website is intended for everyone who wishes to learn the PHP programming language. There is no need to download anything - just click on the chapter you wish to begin from, and follow the instructions.PHP User Defined Functions. Besides the built-in PHP functions, it is possible to create your own functions. A function is a block of statements that can be used repeatedly in a program. A function will not execute automatically when a page loads. A function will be executed by a call to the function.Where src/ is the directory containing all your PHP code. Then, run the commands to build and run the Docker image: $ docker build -t my-php-app . $ docker run -d --name my-running-app my-php-app. We recommend that you add a php.ini configuration file; see the "Configuration" section for details. Here we would like to show the very basics of PHP in a short, simple tutorial. This text only deals with dynamic web page creation with PHP, though PHP is not only capable of creating web pages. See the section titled What can PHP do for more information. PHP-enabled web pages are treated just like regular HTML pages and you can create and edit ...This new major version brings with it a number of new features and some incompatibilities that should be tested for before switching PHP versions in production environments. See also the migration guides for PHP versions 7.0.x, 7.1.x, 7.2.x, 7.3.x. 7.4.x. +Dec 8, 2021 · PHP (Hypertext Preprocessor) is known as a general-purpose scripting language that can be utilized to create intuitive and dynamic websites. It was among the pioneer server-side language that can be integrated into HTML, making it easier to include functionality to web pages without requiring to call external data. .

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